Posted by Sadie from ? (160.129.27.22) on Wednesday, June 04, 2003 at 2:58PM :
Nature 423, 585 (5 June, 2003) © Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
Correspondence:
SARS, a challenge from the South
Sir – The next time a major health crisis strikes the world, there must be no doubt as to the motive behind a quick response from the North. This challenge from the South to the world's scientists can be met, for example, by implementing the suggestion of Gerald T. Keusch and Carol A. Medlin in their Commentary (Nature 422, 561–562; 2003) that a global health research network should be established to tackle emerging global crises.
Most scientific breakthroughs are generated in the North and they often neglect the problems that afflict most of the world's people (see, for example, Kofi Annan's "challenge to the world's scientists", Science 299, 1485; 2003). Within a week of receiving samples of the SARS virus in April, Canadian and US scientists independently announced its genome sequence (http://www.bcgsc.ca/bioinfo/SARS and http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/sars/sequence.htm). On 15 May, scientists in Germany announced that available rhinovirus 3CLpro inhibitors might be modified for use in SARS therapy (K. Anand et al. Science doi:10.1126/science.1085658; 2003).
These results should have an immediate impact on efforts to develop new and rapid diagnostic tests and antiviral agents for SARS. The speed of these praiseworthy efforts was necessary. Yet was their rapid success assured because northern interests were at stake?
Many southern countries are plagued by diseases whose mortality rates exceed that of SARS, for example Ebola virus and sleeping sickness, and the North's reaction to these has been comparatively retarded. This policy is shortsighted and ethically flawed. Although the relatively small size of the SARS genome may have facilitated its rapid sequencing, the recent announcements demonstrate how swiftly the North can react to a major epidemic.
Also in May, US President George W. Bush announced plans to spend more than $5.6 billion over ten years to build a medical arsenal against biological terrorism. The magnitude of the sum and the relative tempo of the commitment are further indications that, if northern interests are threatened, massive funding can be realized virtually overnight.
There is a stark discrepancy between the standards of health in the developed and developing worlds. More than one billion people in the developing world have yet to benefit from the health improvements of the previous century that are taken for granted in the developed world. This is not to say that the North has completely ignored southern diseases (see Nature 421, 461–462; 2003). The sequencing of the malaria parasite genome (M. Gardner et al. Nature 419, 498–511; 2002) is an example of recognition by the North, in this case the US National Institutes of Health, that eradication of global health inequities is indeed a goal of genomics research.
However, the North must go further, by relaxing or cancelling crippling debt repayments and eliminating subsidies to northern farmers in order to aid southern exporters. Both measures will strengthen southern economies and, it is hoped, result in improved health and social conditions. The challenge for the North is to achieve these goals with the speed and commitment it demonstrated when it tackled SARS.
There are other, pragmatic reasons why the North should undertake these responsibilities. First, southern markets represent untapped growth potential for northern economies that will be frustrated by disease and poverty. Second, southern countries offer a cheaper labour pool for the North. But illness stifles productivity. Third, neglected southern countries represent a dormant and latent security threat to the North in that illness and poverty beget desperation, instability and crime.
The emergence of SARS highlights the truth that diseases are not necessarily geographically exclusive. Global travel can facilitate the spread of deadly diseases from the South to the North within hours. It is also a warning that continued global health and wealth inequities can ferment new and deadly diseases.
At the same time, the dedication of northern resources to southern diseases must be met with genuine transparency by the South. Corruption, national pride and ego must take a back seat. Only international cooperation can prevent SARS and other emerging diseases from threatening us all. Mother Nature may be the ultimate bioterrorist.
Jerome. A. Singh
Howard College School of Law, University of Natal, South Africa.
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