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washingtonpost.com

Digging Back Toward Jesus
Biblical Archaeology Uncovering Evidence About Places and People's Lives in Gospel Times

By Bill Broadway
Washington Post Staff Writer
Saturday, December 13, 2003; Page B09

Many Christians were upset when Israeli antiquities experts recently declared a 1st-century inscription bearing Jesus's name a fake, seemingly depriving them of the earliest archaeological proof of Jesus's existence.

Those who take such a view misunderstand the point of biblical archaeology, said Craig A. Evans, professor of New Testament at Acadia Divinity College in Nova Scotia and an expert on ossuaries, the small burial boxes like the one discovered last fall in which was carved in Aramaic: "James, son of Joseph, brother of Jesus."

"Archaeology isn't so much about proving the Bible," said Evans, an evangelical Christian who said he thinks the James inscription ultimately could be proved authentic. The importance of archaeology is that it "clarifies and contextualizes the story of the Bible."

What many people don't realize, Evans and other scholars said, is that archaeologists in recent years have been searching for -- and finding -- contextual clues to the world inhabited by Jesus and his followers.

"We don't even have much direct archaeological evidence that [Jesus] walked this earth," says Hershel Shanks, editor of Washington-based Biblical Archaeological Review and host of "An Archaeological Search for Jesus," a new five-part video/DVD series featuring more than 20 leading archaeologists and biblical scholars. "What we have is lots and lots of evidence about the world he lived in."

Some of the most notable discoveries have been in the northern part of Israel known as the Galilee, an agriculturally rich area where Jesus grew up and spent most of his three-year ministry.

That evidence shows, among other things, that Jesus was born, lived and died a Jew -- a perspective at odds with beliefs that Jesus rejected Judaism to form a new religion or taught a pagan-influenced humanist philosophy, Shanks and other scholars said. It also indicates that Jesus was a cultured sophisticate, not the peasant naif portrayed in many Sunday school texts.

Foremost have been excavations at Sepphoris, a magnificent 1st-century city four miles from Nazareth; at Capernaum, a fishing village on the north shore of the Sea of Galilee where Jesus's ministry was based; and at what may have been Bethsaida, home of three apostles and the third most-mentioned town in the Gospels.

Part of the excitement at Sepphoris has come from the ruins of a Greco-Roman amphitheater that Sepphoris archaeologist James Strange believes existed in Jesus's time. Textual scholars have wondered where Jesus picked up the word "hypocrite," a Greek word that means "actor" and that Jesus uses 24 times to refer to someone's insincere religiosity, Strange says in the documentary.

The presence of the theater in a metropolis within view of Nazareth, possibly the source of the "city on the hill that can't be hidden" metaphor in the Sermon on the Mount, suggests that Jesus might have learned "hypocrite" from seeing Greek-language performances there, Strange surmises.

"Life isn't like in the tiny village of Nazareth with its fruit and nut trees," Strange said in an interview. In Sepphoris, "Jesus would have gotten a glimpse of Roman culture."

He and Joseph, his father, might even have helped build Sepphoris, a city razed after a Jewish revolt and ordered rebuilt by Herod Antipas early in the 1st century as a center of law and commerce. Many buildings were massive, with white plaster walls, red tile roofs and mosaic floors.

The construction project would have involved carpenters, masons and other laborers "from 30 to 40 miles around," Strange said. And the Nazarenes would have moved easily among the people, because the discovery of mikvahs, or Jewish ritual baths, in virtually every house suggests that the population of more than 12,000 was Jewish, he said.

Jonathan L. Reed, a religion professor at the University of La Verne in California and director of more than a dozen student digs at Sepphoris, is unconvinced that Jesus commuted to Sepphoris to work. But he has no doubt Jesus would have visited on holidays and market days, "nudging elbow to elbow" with thousands of shoppers on jam-packed streets paved in Roman style.

Jesus, whose primary language was Aramaic, would have improved on his Greek or learned the language and been exposed to exotic clothing, ceramics, jewelry and food and heard new ideas expounded on street corners, Reed said in an interview.

Mostly, Jesus would have noted the contrast between the affluent, power-driven life of Sepphoris and the simpler values of the residents of such smaller towns as Nazareth and Capernaum, said Reed, co-author with John Dominic Crossan of the 2001 book "Excavating Jesus."

Those observations would have been the seed of Jesus's ministry to people of the "lower socioeconomic rung," Reed said.

And what a contrast Capernaum was -- a fishing village of about 1,000 with houses made of mud, thatch and unhewn fieldstone. In the documentary, Strange and Shanks visit the town, which is located about 22 miles from Nazareth, and the octagonal church built over the foundation of Peter's house.

Few archaeologists doubt the authenticity of the site, which pilgrims have visited since the 2nd century and which features 4th-century graffiti in several languages with such messages as, "Lord Jesus Christ, save your servant," followed by the writer's name.

First-century drinking cups made of stone instead of manmade pottery, a requirement of purity laws, tell archaeologists the residents were Jewish.

A short distance away stand the remains of a 4th-century limestone synagogue built, Strange contends, over the site of the synagogue where Jesus often worshiped and preached.

A more elusive biblical site has been Bethsaida, the seaside town that was home to at least three apostles, Peter, Andrew and Philip. It also was the setting for several miracles, including the healing of a blind man, the feeding of the 5,000 and Jesus's walking on water.

The location of Bethsaida remained a mystery for nearly 2,000 years, because a series of earthquakes early in the 1st millennium changed the topography, causing the water to recede and leaving the town about two miles from the Sea of Galilee, Richard Freund, co-director of the Bethsaida Excavations, explains in "An Archaeological Search for Jesus."

Some scholars argue that the mound known as et-Tel cannot be Bethsaida because of its distance from shore. But 50 trenches dug from the mound to the shoreline in 1987 proved that the water once came to the base of the hill, and digs on the 22-acre site uncovered lead weights and other fishing gear along with 1st-century coins and pottery.

A further argument that the mound is Bethsaida is based on the Gospel texts, especially the story of Jesus walking from shore to his disciples' boat, Freund said. In Jesus's time, the area below the mound had not filled in and was a marshy area with water at varying depths -- perhaps at two feet in some places. It would have been possible for a person to walk in the water but appear to be walking on the water, he said.

"It's the closest thing to where archaeology and textual information come together" to substantiate the site. "There's no other area that we've been able to discover along the Sea of Galilee where 2,000 years ago the water was low and swampy," he said. "And over here, [what do you have] 2,000 years ago? Low and swampy."

That explanation doesn't sit well with Paul L. Maier, professor of ancient history at Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo and a frequent traveler to the Holy Land. "I don't buy that for a minute," Maier said in an interview, adding that the Bible speaks of huge waves that would have been unlikely in a marshy area.

One of Maier's favorite archaeological finds was the accidental discovery, by two Galilean brothers, of a 1st-century fishing boat in the muck of the Sea of Galilee during a severe drought in 1986. The experts took over and restored the remaining portion of the 15-person boat, believed to be similar to one used by Jesus's fisherman disciples.

On seeing the reconstructed remains of the 8-foot-wide, 26-foot-long "Galilee Boat" at Kibbutz Ginnosar and the finished models made from it, Maier said he found the solution to a nagging question.

The Gospel of Mark relates the story of Jesus snoozing while his disciples fight to keep control of their boat during a terrible gale. "I was always impressed that Jesus could turn off the winds," Maier said. "But how could he sleep through a storm?"

And there was his answer: a small deck on the stern where the helmsman would have stood to guide the vessel. Jesus could have curled up under the deck and been at least partially protected from the elements, Maier said.

© 2003 The Washington Post Company



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